In fact, Industry 4.0 (i4.0) has opened new avenues of technological advancements and innovations, and is not the end of technological progress. Now, the fourth imminent industrial revolution (aka industry 4.0) can be contemplated as new avenues of production such as the horizontal expansion of information and communication technologies (ICTs), learning machines, autonomous robots and complete digitization of the supply chain. While, the third industrial revolution differentiated by automation, electronics and information technology began in the 1970s. Then the second industrial revolution, marked by mass production through electricity and scientific management, took place at the beginning of the 20 th century. The first industrial revolution, characterized by production facilities powered by steam engines, started at the end of the 18 th century. The study would be valuable for practitioners, decision-makers and companies that wish to focus their efforts and resources on removing the most critical barriers and challenges for the seamless implementation of Industry 4.0. The study uniquely develops hierarchical relationships among the psychological barriers for adopting i4.0 in the manufacturing context using AHP-TOPSIS and ISM techniques. The driver barriers identified in the final model advocate that development in ‘advanced & continued education of employees’, ‘standards & reference architecture’ and ‘minimization of fear of job & data loss’ can expedite the adoption of industry 4.0 (i4.0) technologies. Then the interrelations among these barriers resulted in a four-layered structural model. The findings reveal that ‘Fear of job losses’, ‘Fear of data loss/Risk of security breaches, ‘Lack of advanced & continued education of employees’ and ‘Lack of standards and reference architecture’, with highest importance weights, emerged as the most prominent psychological barriers in developing economies. ![]() Whereas TOPSIS was conducted by 443 operational-level users, including managers and supervisors of different functional areas of the manufacturing industry located in Pakistan. ![]() A group of 8 experts from industry and academia with at least 10 years of experience was consulted for AHP and ISM techniques. Based on three widely acclaimed statistical techniques, hybrid AHP-TOPSIS (Analytical Hierarchy Process-Technique for Order Performance by Similarity to Ideal Solution) and ISM (Interpretative Structural Modeling), critical psychological barriers have been investigated. A comprehensive literature review tracked by a discussion with industry and academic experts recognized 20 barriers. This research aims to identify, rank, and create an interplay among the psychological barriers to adopting Industry 4.0 technologies in the manufacturing sector.
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